Type:

Mineral

Primary Function:

Important for bone formation and blood clotting.

Normal Values:

2.1-2.6 mmol/L

<2.1 mmol/L (Hypocalcemia),

>2.6 mmol/L (Hypercalcemia)

Pathological Values:

Numbness, muscle spasms

Low calcium levels can result from protein or vitamin deficiencies, hormone disorders, certain medications, or insufficient dietary intake.

Symptoms/Pathology in Deficiency:

Symptoms/Pathology in Increase:

Kidney stones, nausea

Dietary Sources:

Dairy products, green vegetables

Calcium needs vary, being particularly high during growth phases and pregnancy, but decreasing in old age.